Cystoscopy
What is a cystoscopy?
A cystoscopy is a procedure used to examine the inside of the bladder and urethra. A thin, flexible or rigid telescope called a cystoscope is inserted through the urethra to allow the doctor to view the lining of the bladder, identify abnormalities or take small tissue samples if needed. It is commonly performed to investigate symptoms such as blood in the urine, recurrent urinary tract infections or difficulties passing urine. The procedure provides direct visual information that cannot be obtained through urine tests or imaging alone.
Why is it needed?
Cystoscopy is recommended for a number of reasons. It may be performed when blood appears in the urine, whether visible or microscopic. It is often used when urinary tract infections recur or do not respond to standard treatment. Individuals experiencing urinary symptoms such as difficulty passing urine, urgency or discomfort may require cystoscopy to help determine the underlying cause. It is also an important tool for monitoring certain bladder conditions that require regular follow up.
What happens during the procedure?
A cystoscopy may be performed using local anaesthetic gel to numb the urethra or, in selected cases, under general or spinal anaesthesia. The cystoscope is gently inserted through the urethra and passed into the bladder. To improve visibility, the bladder may be filled with a sterile fluid.
The doctor carefully examines the bladder lining and urethra for any abnormalities. If needed, small tissue samples may be taken for analysis. The procedure is usually brief, and most people can go home shortly afterwards.
What are the alternatives?
While cystoscopy remains the most accurate method for examining the bladder and urethra, other tests may provide useful information. Urine tests, including urine cytology, may help detect abnormal cells. Imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scans or MRI can assess the kidneys and bladder from outside the body. In certain situations, non-invasive urethral imaging techniques may be used, although these are not suitable replacements for cystoscopy when detailed inspection is required.
Potential risks and after effects
Cystoscopy is generally safe, but some temporary effects are common. Mild burning or discomfort during urination may occur for one to two days after the procedure. Some blood in the urine may be noticed for a short time.
A urinary tract infection can occur following cystoscopy, usually within the first week. Difficulty passing urine may occur temporarily but usually settles quickly. Serious complications, such as injury to the urethra or bladder, are rare. Most after effects are minor and improve with rest, hydration and simple supportive care.
After the procedure
After cystoscopy, drinking plenty of fluids helps flush the bladder and reduce irritation. It is normal to experience mild discomfort, urinary frequency or a small amount of blood in the urine for a few days following the procedure. Monitoring for signs of infection, such as fever, persistent burning or worsening blood in the urine, is important.
If a biopsy was taken, specific instructions may be provided regarding activity restrictions or follow up.
Follow-up care
Follow up depends on the reason for the cystoscopy and whether any abnormalities were found. Further tests or treatment may be recommended if concerning findings are identified. For some bladder conditions, routine cystoscopies may be scheduled as part of ongoing monitoring.
You should contact your doctor if you develop fever, persistent or worsening symptoms, difficulty passing urine or any concerns following the procedure.
Bladder Procedures
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