Prostate Cancer
What is Prostate Cancer?
Prostate cancer occurs when abnormal cells develop within the prostate gland, a small gland located below the bladder that plays an important role in producing seminal fluid. It is one of the most common cancers affecting men, especially those over the age of 50.
Prostate cancer can vary in its behaviour. Many cancers grow slowly and may not cause symptoms in their early stages, while others can be more aggressive and spread beyond the prostate if not identified and treated promptly. Early detection greatly improves the likelihood of successful treatment.
What causes prostate cancer?
Several factors influence the development of prostate cancer. Age is a major contributor, with risk increasing significantly after 50. Family history plays an important role, and men with a close relative, such as a father or brother, affected by prostate cancer have a higher likelihood of developing the disease.
Certain inherited gene changes, including BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, may increase susceptibility. Lifestyle factors such as diets high in red or processed meats, excess weight and low levels of physical activity may contribute. Prostate cancer is also more common in men of African or Caribbean descent.
Who is affected?
Prostate cancer primarily affects adult men, particularly those over 50. Men with a family history of prostate cancer or inherited gene mutations are at higher risk. Individuals with lifestyle or dietary factors that promote inflammation or hormonal imbalance may also be more susceptible.
Common symptoms
Symptoms vary depending on the stage and growth pattern of the cancer. Many men experience difficulty urinating, including a weak urine flow or straining to empty the bladder. Increased frequency of urination, particularly overnight, may occur. Some may notice pain or burning with urination, or blood in the urine or semen.
Pain in the lower back, hips or pelvis can develop if cancer causes irritation or spreads beyond the prostate. Erectile dysfunction may appear. In more advanced cases, unexplained weight loss or fatigue may be present.
Early-stage prostate cancer often causes no symptoms and is frequently detected through routine screening.
What are the possible complications of prostate cancer?
If prostate cancer progresses without treatment, it can lead to several complications.
How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically begins with a discussion of symptoms and risk factors, followed by a physical examination. A digital rectal examination may be performed to assess the size and texture of the prostate.
The prostate specific antigen, PSA, blood test is commonly used to screen for abnormalities, although elevated PSA levels can occur for reasons other than cancer. Imaging, including ultrasound or MRI, may help evaluate prostate size, identify abnormalities or guide biopsy.
A prostate biopsy is usually required to confirm the diagnosis. If there is concern that cancer has spread, additional tests such as bone scans, CT scans or PET scans may be performed.
Preventing prostate cancer
Although prostate cancer cannot always be prevented, maintaining a healthy lifestyle may lower risk. Regular physical activity, balanced nutrition, weight management and reducing intake of red or processed meats may be beneficial. Men with a strong family history or genetic risk factors should discuss screening options with their doctor.
How do you treat prostate cancer?
Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, its growth rate and the individual’s overall health.
Active surveillance may be recommended for low risk or slow growing cancers. This involves regular PSA testing, examinations and periodic biopsies to monitor for changes. Surgical removal of the prostate, radical prostatectomy, may be performed using open, laparoscopic or robotic assisted techniques.
Radiation therapy uses high energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells. This can be delivered externally or internally through brachytherapy. Hormone therapy reduces testosterone levels to slow cancer growth. It is often used for advanced or recurrent disease.
Chemotherapy or targeted therapy may be recommended when cancer has spread beyond the prostate or does not respond to hormone therapy. Immunotherapy may also play a role in specific advanced cases.
When should you see a doctor?
You should seek medical advice if you experience difficulty with urination, changes in urinary flow, pain when urinating, blood in the urine or semen or persistent discomfort in the lower back, hips or pelvis.
Unexplained fatigue, weight loss or a known family history of prostate cancer also warrant assessment. Early diagnosis and treatment greatly improve outcomes and reduce the risk of cancer progression. Regular check-ups and discussion with a healthcare provider are important, particularly for men at higher risk.
If you are concerned about prostate cancer, have noticed urinary changes or wish to discuss your individual risk, our team is here to help. We can provide assessment, screening and a personalised treatment plan based on your needs.
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